Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide 1st Edition

Product Information

Griffiths, Roland R. (2011). "Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects". Psychopharmacology. 218 (4): 649–665. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5. PMC 3308357. PMID 21674151. Possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including the bluing species of Psilocybe, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there has been a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms, as well as a strong element of selective enforcement in some places. [14] [7] :25–48 Most US state courts have considered the mushroom a "container" of the illicit drugs, and therefore illegal. A loophole further complicates the legal situation—the spores of psilocybin mushrooms do not contain the drugs, and are legal to possess in many areas. Jurisdictions that have specifically enacted or amended laws to criminalize the possession of psilocybin mushroom spores include Germany (since 1998), [13] and California, Georgia, and Idaho in the United States. As a consequence, there is an active underground economy involved in the sale of spores and cultivation materials, and an internet-based social network to support the illicit activity. [15] :177–178 Changes in the 2020s [ edit ] These frequent accidents occur due to the fact that people think they “know” which mushrooms are safe to eat and which are not. Reality shows us that many of them are wrong. According to Jacob Akin from the University of Wisconsin, there seems to be evidence of this type of mushrooms at the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Research is showing that these mushrooms were used by the ancient Egyptians for their psychoactive properties during religious ceremonies.

Set and setting also act as an important factor in the experience of the participant. Early experiments on psychedelics were performed in sterile laboratory rooms with minimal interaction with the patient in an attempt to control for variables. These experiments often had poor outcomes due to the elicitation of psychologically challenging situations brought on in part by the environment. Recent experiments have built upon these past models and modified the environment to provide a more suitable setting. The creation of an ideal set and setting is subject to ongoing research and may change from patient to patient and also as researchers continue to learn more about the best practices for administration.

Kaur, Harmeet (30 January 2020). "Santa Cruz decriminalizes magic mushrooms and other natural psychedelics, making it the third US city to take such a step". CNN . Retrieved 2 February 2020. As of 1 September 2008, the new 1st section of the 50th chapter of the penal code specially prohibits (attempt of) growing Psilocybe mushrooms. O'Neill, Natalie (4 November 2020). "Oregon becomes first state to legalize magic mushrooms, decriminalize street drugs". New York Post . Retrieved 4 November 2020. In the early 20th century, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) became an intriguing new topic to study among medical professionals in psychiatry. Albert Hofman, who famously synthesized lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) while working for Sandoz in 1938 and then again in 1943, was also responsible for first isolating and synthesizing psilocybin in 1958, the psychoactive chemical found in psilocybe mushrooms [ 1]. These compounds, which are often categorized as the “classic hallucinogens,” were used with increasing frequency until their classification as Schedule I substances under the UN Convention on Drugs in 1967 [ 1]. Additionally, following the UN’s classification, many countries included their own laws for restricting or regulating the use of these substances. Honig, Esther (9 May 2019). "In Close Vote, Denver Becomes First U.S. City To Decriminalize Psychedelic Mushrooms". NPR . Retrieved 9 May 2019.

PSILOCYBE MADE A CLASS A DRUG, SUBJECT TO FULL RESTRICTIONS" (PDF). 28 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2006 . Retrieved 7 January 2012. Psilocybin mushrooms were researched from the 1950s to the 1970s by a few prominent academics, including Harvard University’s Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert. The men publicized the fungi’s consciousness-expanding properties, which are somewhat similar to synthetic drugs such as LSD. Widespread recreational use of these mushrooms, however, prompted state and federal governments to strictly control them in many places. Number 6) if you look underneath at this point you will not be able to see the gills. They are hidden from view by a very thin, latex like membrane. Illegal (Grow kits, spores, and mycelium legal, unenforced when is grown in the nature and in the outdoor in the wild.)

Un detenido tras incautación de 300 hongos alucinógenos y droga sintética en Viña del Mar". 17 September 2014. It is not fully understood how psilocybin achieves these results; however, it is proposed that the consciousness-altering properties are partly responsible due to the correlation between larger doses and more substantial outcomes. However, the authors found that a dose greater than 30 mg/70 kg more often led to psychologically challenging experiences and were thus not beneficial [ 29]. The exact mechanism by which psilocybin achieves these favorable outcomes requires additional study. Ustawa z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii". Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Kancelaria Sejmu RP . Retrieved 15 October 2017. Jaeger, Kyle (2 April 2021). "Third Massachusetts City Approves Psychedelics Decriminalization Measure". Marijuana Moment . Retrieved 3 April 2021. Years ago, living in South Louisiana I had the opportunity to see psilocybin mushrooms there in all stages of their development. These were readily identifiable by several things.

In Uruguay, psilocybin and psilocin are mentioned in the federal list of controlled substances;Uruguay was first country in South America to decriminalize possession of all and every drug. [126] According to Decreto N° 403/016, all fungal species of the Psilocybe sp. genus are illegal to sell as a medicinal compound, and other psilocybin-containing fungi genera, such as Copelandia, Pluteus and Conocybe are also mentioned in the document. [127] a b c d e "COLORADO NATURAL MEDICINE HEALTH ACT of 2022" (PDF). naturalmedicinecolorado.org. 7 December 2022 . Retrieved 7 December 2022. Jaeger, Kyle (4 February 2021). "Cambridge City Council Decriminalizes Psychedelics And Urges Police To End Drug Arrests More Broadly". Marijuana Moment . Retrieved 8 February 2021. See also: Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States In the United States, possession of psilocybin-containing mushrooms is illegal because they contain the Schedule I drugs psilocin and psilocybin. Spores, which do not contain psychoactive chemicals, are explicitly illegal in Georgia, Idaho, and California ( unlisted states unverified). [105] [106] [107] In the rest of the country, it is not illegal to just sell the spores, but selling them with the purpose of producing hallucinogenic mushrooms is illegal. [108] [109] Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing Psilocybe spp. and Conocybe spp. is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159.

According to article 6 of the Illegal substance act, Psilocybin, DMT, Mescaline, LSD and Cannabis among other psychedelics are completely illegal in Iceland regardless of purpose. [54] Jaeger, Kyle (6 February 2023). "Australia Legalizes Psilocybin And MDMA Prescriptions As U.S. Patients Seek Similar Authorization". Marijuana Moment . Retrieved 6 February 2023. mGluR2/3: metabotropic glutamate receptors; AMPA: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; 5HT-2A: 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A First Non-Palliative Canadian Granted Access To Psilocybin Therapy". Therapsil. 18 November 2020 . Retrieved 22 November 2020.

Peipert, Thomas (11 November 2022). "Colorado voters decriminalise psychedelic mushrooms". The Independent . Retrieved 15 November 2022. Most national drug laws have been amended to reflect the terms of the convention; examples include the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, the US Psychotropic Substances Act of 1978, [8] Australia Poisons Standard (October 2015), [12] the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act of 1996, [13] :178–9 and the Japanese Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Law of 2002. [13] :167–86 The possession and use of psilocybin is prohibited under almost all circumstances, and often carries severe legal penalties. [11] Complexities of enforcement [ edit ] Schaepe, Herbert (13 September 2001). "UN's INCB Psilocybin Mushroom Policy". Erowid.org . Retrieved 7 January 2012. As you are aware, mushrooms containing the above substances are collected and used for their hallucinogenic effects. As a matter of international law, no plants (natural material) containing psilocin and psilocybin are at present controlled under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. Consequently, preparations made of these plants are not under international control and, therefore, not subject of the articles of the 1971 Convention [emphasis added]. Criminal cases are decided with reference to domestic law, which may otherwise provide for controls over mushrooms containing psilocine and psilocybin. As the Board can only speak as to the contours of the international drug conventions, I am unable to provide an opinion on the litigation in question. (Letter from Secretary of the UN International Narcotics Control Board to the Dutch Ministry of Health) Despite thousands of years of psychedelic use in religion and recreation, the earliest known written record of magic mushroom use in the Florentine Codex (a manuscript of ethno-graphical research of Mesoamerica, particularly of Mexico and the Aztecs, compiled between 1529 and 1579 [ 10, 15, 63, 65]Various studies demonstrate that a greater level of mystical experiences was associated with and predicted better outcomes [ 28]. This strengthens the assertion that psilocybin works in part by changing the way we think and view the world. The ability of psilocybin to alter an individual’s perception may be linked to changes in mood and behavior that last longer than the duration of the drug itself and thus lead to longer-lasting changes. This could provide patients with an alternative to daily medications and allow them to seek treatment at much longer intervals. Lev, Elianna (27 July 2019). "Could magic mushrooms be the next drug legalized in Canada?". Yahoo Canada News. Possession of drugs for personal use and cultivation of plants and mushrooms containing a narcotic or psychotropic substance "in a small quantity" are excluded from criminal prosecution. These violations of law are punished by administrative law as a misdemeanour (Act No. 200/1990 Coll., Act of Violations). [51] Psilocin/psilotsin and Psilocibin are present in the official list of prohibited substances. [73] [74]